.. _yaml_syntax:


YAML Syntax
===========

This page provides a basic overview of correct YAML syntax, which is how Ansible
playbooks (our configuration management language) are expressed.

We use YAML because it is easier for humans to read and write than other common
data formats like XML or JSON.  Further, there are libraries available in most
programming languages for working with YAML.

You may also wish to read :ref:`working_with_playbooks` at the same time to see how this
is used in practice.


YAML Basics
-----------

For Ansible, nearly every YAML file starts with a list.
Each item in the list is a list of key/value pairs, commonly
called a "hash" or a "dictionary".  So, we need to know how
to write lists and dictionaries in YAML.

There's another small quirk to YAML.  All YAML files (regardless of their association with Ansible or not) can optionally
begin with ``---`` and end with ``...``.  This is part of the YAML format and indicates the start and end of a document.

All members of a list are lines beginning at the same indentation level starting with a ``"- "`` (a dash and a space):

.. code:: yaml

    ---
    # A list of tasty fruits
    - Apple
    - Orange
    - Strawberry
    - Mango
    ...

A dictionary is represented in a simple ``key: value`` form (the colon must be followed by a space):

.. code:: yaml

    # An employee record
    martin:
      name: Martin D'vloper
      job: Developer
      skill: Elite

More complicated data structures are possible, such as lists of dictionaries, dictionaries whose values are lists or a mix of both:

.. code:: yaml

    # Employee records
    - martin:
        name: Martin D'vloper
        job: Developer
        skills:
          - python
          - perl
          - pascal
    - tabitha:
        name: Tabitha Bitumen
        job: Developer
        skills:
          - lisp
          - fortran
          - erlang

Dictionaries and lists can also be represented in an abbreviated form if you really want to:

.. code:: yaml

    ---
    martin: {name: Martin D'vloper, job: Developer, skill: Elite}
    fruits: ['Apple', 'Orange', 'Strawberry', 'Mango']

These are called "Flow collections".

.. _truthiness:

Ansible doesn't really use these too much, but you can also specify a :ref:`boolean value <playbooks_variables>` (true/false) in several forms:

.. code:: yaml

    create_key: true
    needs_agent: false
    knows_oop: True
    likes_emacs: TRUE
    uses_cvs: false

Use lowercase 'true' or 'false' for boolean values in dictionaries if you want to be compatible with default yamllint options.

Values can span multiple lines using ``|`` or ``>``.  Spanning multiple lines using a "Literal Block Scalar" ``|`` will include the newlines and any trailing spaces.
Using a "Folded Block Scalar" ``>`` will fold newlines to spaces; it's used to make what would otherwise be a very long line easier to read and edit.
In either case the indentation will be ignored.
Examples are:

.. code:: yaml

    include_newlines: |
                exactly as you see
                will appear these three
                lines of poetry

    fold_newlines: >
                this is really a
                single line of text
                despite appearances

While in the above ``>`` example all newlines are folded into spaces, there are two ways to enforce a newline to be kept:

.. code:: yaml

    fold_some_newlines: >
        a
        b

        c
        d
          e
        f

Alternatively, it can be enforced by including newline ``\n`` characters:

.. code:: yaml

    fold_same_newlines: "a b\nc d\n  e\nf\n"

Let's combine what we learned so far in an arbitrary YAML example.
This really has nothing to do with Ansible, but will give you a feel for the format:

.. code:: yaml

    ---
    # An employee record
    name: Martin D'vloper
    job: Developer
    skill: Elite
    employed: True
    foods:
      - Apple
      - Orange
      - Strawberry
      - Mango
    languages:
      perl: Elite
      python: Elite
      pascal: Lame
    education: |
      4 GCSEs
      3 A-Levels
      BSc in the Internet of Things

That's all you really need to know about YAML to start writing `Ansible` playbooks.

Gotchas
-------

While you can put just about anything into an unquoted scalar, there are some exceptions.
A colon followed by a space (or newline) ``": "`` is an indicator for a mapping.
A space followed by the pound sign ``" #"`` starts a comment.

Because of this, the following is going to result in a YAML syntax error:

.. code:: text

    foo: somebody said I should put a colon here: so I did

    windows_drive: c:

...but this will work:

.. code:: yaml

    windows_path: c:\windows

You will want to quote hash values using colons followed by a space or the end of the line:

.. code:: yaml

    foo: 'somebody said I should put a colon here: so I did'

    windows_drive: 'c:'

...and then the colon will be preserved.

Alternatively, you can use double quotes:

.. code:: yaml

    foo: "somebody said I should put a colon here: so I did"

    windows_drive: "c:"

The difference between single quotes and double quotes is that in double quotes
you can use escapes:

.. code:: yaml

    foo: "a \t TAB and a \n NEWLINE"

The list of allowed escapes can be found in the YAML Specification under "Escape Sequences" (YAML 1.1) or "Escape Characters" (YAML 1.2).

The following is invalid YAML:

.. code-block:: text

    foo: "an escaped \' single quote"


Further, Ansible uses "{{ var }}" for variables.  If a value after a colon starts
with a "{", YAML will think it is a dictionary, so you must quote it, like so:

.. code:: yaml

    foo: "{{ variable }}"

If your value starts with a quote the entire value must be quoted, not just part of it. Here are some additional examples of how to properly quote things:

.. code:: yaml

    foo: "{{ variable }}/additional/string/literal"
    foo2: "{{ variable }}\\backslashes\\are\\also\\special\\characters"
    foo3: "even if it's just a string literal it must all be quoted"

Not valid:

.. code:: text

    foo: "E:\\path\\"rest\\of\\path

In addition to ``'`` and ``"`` there are a number of characters that are special (or reserved) and cannot be used
as the first character of an unquoted scalar: ``[] {} > | * & ! % # ` @ ,``.

You should also be aware of ``? : -``. In YAML, they are allowed at the beginning of a string if a non-space
character follows, but YAML processor implementations differ, so it's better to use quotes.

In Flow Collections, the rules are a bit more strict:

.. code:: text

    a scalar in block mapping: this } is [ all , valid

    flow mapping: { key: "you { should [ use , quotes here" }

Boolean conversion is helpful, but this can be a problem when you want a literal `yes` or other boolean values as a string.
In these cases just use quotes:

.. code:: yaml

    non_boolean: "yes"
    other_string: "False"


YAML converts certain strings into floating-point values, such as the string
`1.0`. If you need to specify a version number (in a requirements.yml file, for
example), you will need to quote the value if it looks like a floating-point
value:

.. code:: yaml

  version: "1.0"


.. seealso::

   :ref:`working_with_playbooks`
       Learn what playbooks can do and how to write/run them.
   `YAMLLint <http://yamllint.com/>`_
       YAML Lint (online) helps you debug YAML syntax if you are having problems
   `GitHub examples directory <https://github.com/ansible/ansible-examples>`_
       Complete playbook files from the github project source
   `Wikipedia YAML syntax reference <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML>`_
       A good guide to YAML syntax
   `Mailing List <https://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project>`_
       Questions? Help? Ideas?  Stop by the list on Google Groups
   :ref:`communication_irc`
       How to join Ansible chat channels (join #yaml for yaml-specific questions)
   `YAML 1.1 Specification <https://yaml.org/spec/1.1/>`_
       The Specification for YAML 1.1, which PyYAML and libyaml are currently
       implementing
   `YAML 1.2 Specification <https://yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html>`_
       For completeness, YAML 1.2 is the successor of 1.1
